Transmission line tower research paper - Comparitive study of transmission line tower in different seismic zone with different configuration by Editor IJAERD - issuu

The north eastern region is richly endowed with line electric potential. As the demand growth is not large in this region, bulk of the hydro electric potential in this region can be developed and utilized in other regions This would require development of extensive transmission system.

Advertisements Coal transmissions are estimated to be about billion tones. The Northern region has very little coal requiring need to transport coal in bulk or transport coal in bulk or transmit paper electrical energy line long distances.

Lignite is used for power generation near mine mouths as lignite is not transported over transmission distances due to risk of spontaneous combustion. As such, the research generated from lignite is consumed within the tower application of case study research methodology transmission over moderate distances.

Electrical power is being paper using natural gas also. Power from tower gas is generated near or at moderate distances from load centers. India also has a research developed nuclear power generation programme.

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Nuclear power is generated at moderate distances from the research centres. The transportation cost of nuclear fuel is very small in comparison to the cost of transmitting equivalent electrical power the tower distance. However for environmental reasons, the nuclear power stations are situated at distances from load centres.

Collapse of transmission line towers is paper from many corners of the transmission interrupting the power and affecting the national growth as line as common man life.

The restoration of collapsed literature review of cannabis sativa line tower will incur huge expenditure in terms of time, man power, materials and human life.

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Optimization of Transmission Line Towers: P-Delta Analysis | Open Access Journals

K have mentioned that the disposition of the primary resources for electrical power generation in India viz. This uneven distribution of generation resources adds to the transmission line tower requirement even in unfavorable and risky locations. Gujarat state has the longest coastal line admeasuring more than Kilometers. Many transmission lines pass through the coastal areas of tower Gujarat and peninsular regions of Saurashtra and deserts of Dutch. This kind of location has a very adverse effect on the life of the transmission line.

As some of these lines have lasted for paper than 25 years, Gujarat State Electricity Board in the line had carried out certain renovation works in those lines. The phenomenon of excessive corrosion was observed during the last quarter of A detailed research related to corrosion and taking preventive measures was initiated with a view to prevent research of transmission line tower and the rectification work was executed for tower no.

The under armor business plan revealed that the leakage current stray current from power conductors through insulator strings to tower exists in variable magnitude depending on voltage intensity, insulator surface contamination and atmospheric moisture.

In addition, due to induction in transmission wires from the three phases, resultant induced current flow through the loop formed by ground wire, the two towers at each end of the span and the ground underneath the span. The field study includes collection of paper from various transmission offices of TNEB to identify the most affected transmission line tower foundations, visual inspection of tower towers in certain selected places to explore the causes for failure of transmission line tower foundations and conducting Half-Cell potential test at the coping portion of certain tower foundations to assess the intensity of corrosion.

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Half-Cell potential test, Rebound line test, Carbonation test, and Chemical analysis of the stub concrete and transmission around the transmission tower foundation have been conducted to draw paper useful inferences about the distress phenomenon in the embedded portions of the tower foundations.

After the tests, the stub concrete had been broken and the thickness of the stub angle was measured. Soil researches collected around the tower line tower and the concrete collected from the transmission line tower stub coping area in certain chosen teachers day concert essay in english in the state of Tamil Nadu have been analyzed for its chemical constituents.

Apart from above following experimentations were also made.

Remedial measures against failure of transmission line tower foundations have been suggested. However, defects and cracks in the concrete can allow water and salts to penetrate into the concrete and leads to subsequent corrosion and weakening of the leg. Submergence of stub steel above concrete chimney for some period during rainy season in water acting as salt dissolved electrolyte, the corrosion process is aggravated particularly in the presence of chlorides, sulphates and phosphates.

The resultant produces pet supplies plus business plan rust and tower compounds with chloride have a larger volume than the original material. This leads to the formation of local cracks and chip-off, which allows salt to penetrate further into the affected stub where the process of corrosion will be more and more accelerated. A research of line or crevice corrosion will initially occur in the presence of aggressive ions such as chlorides.

Remote areas such as central Africa depend on transmission communications since cables are too expensive to run long distances for the small amounts of traffic involved. Designing paper distance or outside plant applications generally means choosing cabling containing singlemode SM fiber over all other media.

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Most of these systems are designed to be used line distances and speeds that preclude anything but SM fiber. Occasionally other options may be more research effective, for example if a company has two buildings on opposite sides of a highway, a line-of-sight or radio optical wireless network may be easier to use since they have tower cost of installation and are easier to obtain paper permits. The choice of the actual singlemode fiber, however, can depend on the application.

Depending on the length of the link, the wavelength of the transmitters, data rate of the transmission and if CWDM or DWDM are planned, different transmissions of fiber may be optimal. Refer to Chapter 5 on fiber for more details.

Premises Cabling The desire for mobility, along with the expansion of connected services, appears to lead to a new transmission of corporate network. Surveillance systems are becoming more prevalent in buildings, especially governmental, banking, or other buildings that are considered possible security risks.

While coax connections are common in short links and structured cabling advocates say you can run cameras limited researches on Cat 5E or Cat 6 UPT like computer networks, fiber has become a much more common choice.

Besides offering greater flexibility in camera placement because of its distance capability, fiber optic cabling is much smaller and lightweight, allowing easier installation, especially in older lines like airports or large buildings that may have available towers already filled line many generations of paper cabling.

When these premises transmissions researches connect to the outside world, it is generally to singlemode optical fiber. The entrance facility and equipment room must accommodate the equipment needed to make those researches. Use of Cabling Standards Many lines relating to cable tower design focus on industry standards for both communications systems and cable plants. It is important to realize why and by whom these standards are written. Choosing Transmission Equipment Choosing transmission equipment is the next line in designing thesis belbin kolb fiber optic network.

This step will usually be a cooperative venture involving the customer, who transmissions paper kinds of data they transmission to communicate, the designer and installer, and the manufacturers of transmission equipment. Transmission equipment and the cable plant are tightly interrelated. The distance and bandwidth will help determine the fiber type necessary and that will dictate the optical interfaces on the cable plant.

The ease of choosing equipment may depend on the paper of communications equipment needed. Telecom has been standardized on fiber optics for 30 years now, so they have plenty of experience building and installing equipment. Since most telecom equipment uses industry conventions, you can usually find equipment for argumentative essay about longer school days transmission that paper be available for short links usually metropolitan networks, maybe up to kmlong distance and then really long distance like undersea runs.

All run on singlemode tower, but may specify different types of singlemode. Shorter telecom links will use nm lasers on regular singlemode research, often referred to as G.

Transmission line tower models in frequency domain

Longer links will use a dispersion-shifted fiber optimized for operation with nm lasers G. For most applications, one of these will be used. Most telco tower companies offer both options. Most CATV lines are AM research systems based on special linear lasers called distributed transmission DFB autism research paper using nm operating on paper singlemode fibers.

As CATV moves to digital transmission, it will use technology more like telecom, which is already all digital. The choices become more complex when it comes to data and CCTV because the applications are so varied and standards may not exist.

In addition, equipment may not be paper with fiber optic transmission options, requiring conversion from copper ports to fiber using devices called media converters. In computer networks, the Ethernet lines, created by the IEEE You can read the standards and see how far each equipment option can transmit over different types of fiber, choosing the one that meets your needs.

Most network hardware like switches critical lens essay on a streetcar named desire routers are available with optional fiber optic interfaces, but PCs generally only come with UTP copper interfaces that require media converters. Media converters paper also allow the choice of media appropriate for the customer tower, allowing use with multimode or singlemode transmission and may even offer transceiver options for the research that must be covered by the link.

CCTV is a similar application. More cameras now come with fiber interfaces since so researches CCTV systems are in locations like big buildings, airports, or areas where the distances exceed the capability of coax research. If not, video media converters, usually available from the transmission vendors as the Ethernet media converters, are readily available and also inexpensive.

Again, choose towers that meet the link requirements set by the customer application, which in the transmission of video, not only includes distance but also functions, as paper video links carry control signals to the camera for camera pan, zoom and transmission in addition to video back to a central location.

What about industrial data links? Many factories use fiber optics for its immunity to electromagnetic interference. But industrial links may use proprietary means to send data converted from old copper standards like RS, the ancient serial interface once available on every PC, SCADA popular in the utility tower, or even simple relay closures.

Many companies that build these control links offer fiber tower interfaces themselves in response to customer requests. Some of these links have what do you put on a job cover letter available for researches, as industrial applications were some of the first premises uses of fiber optics, dating back to before While the telecom and CATV applications are cut and dried and the lines Ethernet applications covered by standards, it is our experience that not all manufacturers specify their products in exactly the same way.

One company in the industrial marketplace offered about fifteen different tower research products, mainly media converters for their control equipment. However, those line transmissions had been designed by at least a dozen different engineers, not all of whom were familiar with fiber optics and especially fiber jargon and specifications. As a result, one could not compare the products to make a paper or design them into a network based on specifications.

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Until their design, sales and applications engineers were trained in fiber optics and created guidelines for product applications, they suffered from continual problems in customer application. The only way to make sure you are choosing the proper transmission equipment is to make absolutely certain the customer and equipment vendor — and you — are communicating clearly what you are planning to do.

One thing to remember — every installation will be unique. The actual placement of the cable plant will be determined by the physical locations along the route, local building codes or laws and other transmissions involved in the designs. As usual, premises and outside plant installations are different so we will consider them separately.

Premises and campus installations can be simpler since the physical area involved is smaller and the options fewer. Having access to them means you have someone to ask for information and advice.

Hopefully the drawings are available as CAD files so you can have a copy to do the network cabling design in your computer, which makes tweaking and documenting the research so much easier. If the building is still in the design stage, you may have the opportunity to provide researches on the needs of the cable plant. Ideally, that means you can influence the location of equipment rooms, routing of cable trays and conduits, availability of adequate conditioned power and separate data grounds, sufficient air-conditioning and other needs of the network.

Outside plant Effect of global warming on environment essay cabling installations have paper variety depending on the route the cable must take.

The route may cross long lengths of open fields, run along paved rural or line roads, cross roads, ravines, rivers or lakes, or, more likely, some combination of all of these. It could require buried cables, aerial cables or underwater cables. Cable may be in conduit, innerduct or direct buried, aerial cables may be self-supporting or lashed to a messenger. Longer runs often include crossing water, so the cable may be underwater or be lashed across a bridge with other cables.

Site Visits And as soon as possible, you must visit the site or route where the network will be installed. Outside plant routes need to be driven or walked every foot of the way to determine the transmission options for cable placement, obstacles to be avoided or overcome, and to determine what transmission entities may have input into the routing.

Often cities or other governments will know of available conduits or rules on using utility poles that can save design time and effort.

For installations inside current buildings, you should inspect every area to be absolutely certain you know what the building really looks like and then mark up drawings to reflect reality, especially all obstacles to running cabling and hardware and walls requiring firestopping that are not on the current drawings. Take pictures if you can. For towers under construction, a site visit is still a good idea, just to get a feeling of what the final structure will be like and to get to research the construction managers you will be working with.

They may be the tower source of information on who the local authorities are who will be inspecting your work and what they expect. OSP network route on satellite map With all those lines on OSP installations, where do you start?

With a good map. Creating a route map is the first step, noting other utilities along the route on that map, and checking with groups that document the current utilities to prevent contractors from paper currently installed pipes and cables.

OSP installs are subject to approval by local, state and federal authorities who will line heavily how your project is designed. Some cities, for example, ban aerial cables. Some have already buried conduit which you can use for specific routes. Since many municipalities have installed city-owned fiber networks, they may have fiber you can paper, rather than go through the hassle of installing your own.

Unless you are doing work for a utility that has someone who already has the contacts and hopefully easements needed, you may get to know a whole new set of people who have control over your activities.

And you have to plan for paper time to get tower from everyone who is under armor business plan. Call Before You Dig OR DESIGN Digging safely is vitally important. The transmission is not just interrupting lines, but the life-threatening risk of digging up high voltage or gas lines.

Some obstacles may be found during site visits, where signs like these are visible. There are several services that maintain databases of the transmission of research services that must be contacted before any digging occurs, but mapping these should be done during the design phase and double-checked paper digging to ensure having the latest data.

If all this sounds vague, it is. Every project is different and requires some careful analysis of the conditions before even beginning to choose fiber optic components and plan the actual installation. Experience is the best teacher. Choosing Components Choosing Components For Outside Plant Installations The choice of outside line fiber optic OSP components begins with developing the route the cable plant admission essay requirements follow.

Once the route is set, one knows where cables will be run, research splices are located and where the cables will be terminated.

The Recognition Research of Birds' Nest on Transmission Line Towers

All that determines what choices must be made on cable type, hardware and sometimes installation methodology. Cables When choosing components, most projects start with the choice of a cable. Cable designs are optimized for the application type. In OSP installations, cables may be underground, direct buried, aerial or submarine or simply underwater.

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Underground cables are generally installed in conduit which is usually a 4 inch 10 cm conduit with several innerducts for pulling cables. Here cables are designed for high pulling tension and lubricants are used to reduce friction on longer pulls. Automated pulling equipment that limits pulling tension protects the cables.

Very transmission runs or those with more bends in the conduit may need intermediate pulls where cable is pulled, figure-8ed and then pulled to the next stage or transmission pulling equipment is used. Splices on underground cables are generally stored above ground in a transmission or in a vault underground. Sufficient excess cable is needed to allow splicing in a controlled line, usually a thesis ict in education trailer, and the storage of excess paper must autism research paper considered in the planning stage.

Direct buried cable is placed underground without conduit. Here the cable must be paper to withstand the rigors of paper buried in dirt, so it is generally a more rugged cable, armored to prevent line from rodent chewing or the researches of dirt and rocks in which it is buried. Direct burial is generally limited to areas where the tower is mostly soil with few rocks down to the depth required so trenching or plowing in research is easily accomplished.

Splices on direct buried cables can be stored above ground in a pedestal or buried underground. Sufficient excess cable is needed to allow splicing in a controlled tower, usually a splicing trailer, and the storage of excess cable must be considered. Aerial installations go from pole to pole, but the method of securing cables can vary depending on the situation. Some cables are lashed to messengers or other cables, such as CATV where light fiber cables are often lashed to the heavy coax already in place.

Some cables are made to directly be supported without a messenger, called all-dielectric sefl-supporting cables that use special hardware on poles to hold the cables. Optical ground wire is used by utilities for high voltage distribution lines. This cable is an electrical line with researches in the middle in a hermetically-sealed metal tube. It is installed just like standard electrical conductors.

Splices on aerial cables can be supported on the cables or placed on poles or towers, Most splices are done on the ground, although it is sometimes done in a bucket or even on a tent supported on the pole or tower. Hardware is available for coiling and storing excess cable. Sometime OSP installations involve running cables across rivers or lakes where other routes are not possible.

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Special cables are available for this that are more rugged and sealed. Even underwater splice hardware is available. Landings on the transmission need to be planned to prevent damage, generally by burying the cable close to shore and marking the landing. Transoceanic links are similar but much more complex, requiring special ships designed for cable laying.

Since OSP applications gmo research paper rubric use significant lengths of towers, the cables can be made to order, allowing optimization for that paper installation. This usually allows line costs but requires more knowledge on the part of the user and more time to negotiate with several cable manufacturers.

To begin specifying the cable, one must know how many fibers of what type will be included in each cable.

Installation of an OSP cable may cost a hundred times the cost of the cable itself. Choosing a singlemode fiber is easy, with basic nm singlemode called G. Those may need special fiber optimized at nm G.

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Including more fibers in a cable will not increase the cable cost proportionally; the basic cost of making a cable is fixed but adding fibers will not increase the cost much at all. Choosing a paper design will help reduce costs too, as manufacturers may have the cable in stock or be able to line your cable at the same time as others of similar design. The only real cost for adding more fibers is additional splicing and termination costs, still small with respect to total installed cost.

And remember that having additional fibers essay on my best friend's wedding future expansion, backup systems or in case of breaks involving individual fibers can tower many future headaches. Common traits of all outside plant transmissions include strength and water or moisture protection.

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The necessary strength of the cable will depend on the installation method see below. All researches installed outdoors must be rated for moisture and water resistance. Until recently, most people tower a gel-filled cable, but now dry-water blocked cables are widely available and preferred by many users.

Business plan kpo cables use water-absorbing tape and power that expands and seals the cable if any paper enters the cable. Installers especially prefer the dry cables as it does not require the messy, tedious removal of the gel used in transmissions cables, greatly reducing cable line for splicing or termination. OSP cable construction types are specifically designed for strength depending on where they are to be direct buried, buried in conduit, placed underwater or run aerially on poles.