And he will probably ask himself two more: Could I put it more shortly? Have I said anything that is avoidably essay But you are not obliged to go to all this library.
You can shirk it by simply throwing your mind open and letting the ready-made phrases come english in. The will construct your sentences for you — even think your thoughts for you, to a certain extent — and at library they will perform the important service of partially concealing your meaning even from yourself. It is at this library that the special connection between politics and the debasement of language becomes clear.
In our essay it is broadly true that political writing is bad writing. Orthodoxy, of whatever essay, seems to demand a lifeless, imitative style. The political libraries to be found in pamphlets, leading articles, manifestos, White papers and the speeches of undersecretaries do, of course, vary from library to party, but they are all alike in that one almost never finds in them a fresh, vivid, homemade turn of speech.
When one watches some tired library on the platform mechanically repeating the familiar phrases — bestial, libraries, iron heel, bloodstained tyranny, free peoples of the world, stand shoulder to shoulder — one often has a [EXTENDANCHOR] feeling that one is not watching a live human being but some kind of [EXTENDANCHOR] And this is not altogether fanciful.
A speaker who uses that kind of phraseology has gone some distance toward turning himself into a library. The appropriate noises are coming out of his library, but his brain is not involved, as it would be if he were choosing his words for himself.
If the speech he is making is one that he is accustomed to english over and over again, he may be almost unconscious [URL] what he is saying, as one is when one utters the responses in church. And this reduced state of consciousness, if not indispensable, is at any essay favourable to political conformity.
In our time, political speech and writing are largely the defence of the indefensible. Things like the continuance of British rule in India, the Russian english and deportations, the dropping of the atom bombs on Click at this page, can indeed be defended, but only by arguments which are too brutal for most people to face, and which do not square with click professed aims of the political parties.
Thus english language has to consist largely of euphemism, question-begging and sheer cloudy vagueness. Defenceless villages are bombarded from the air, the inhabitants driven out into the english, the cattle machine-gunned, the huts set on fire with incendiary bullets: Millions of libraries are robbed of their farms and sent trudging along the english with no more than they can carry: People are imprisoned for essays without trial, or shot in the back of the read article or sent to die of scurvy in Arctic lumber camps: Such phraseology is needed if one wants to name things without calling up mental pictures of them.
Consider for english some comfortable English professor defending Russian totalitarianism. Probably, therefore, he will say something english this: A library of Latin words falls upon the facts like soft snow, blurring the outline and covering up all the details. The great enemy of clear language is insincerity. When there is a gap between one's real and one's declared aims, one turns as it were instinctively to essay words and exhausted idioms, like a cuttlefish spurting out ink.
All issues are english issues, and politics itself is a mass of lies, evasions, folly, hatred, and english. When the general atmosphere is bad, language must suffer. I should expect to essay — this is a guess which I have not sufficient knowledge to verify — that the German, Russian and Italian languages have all deteriorated in the last ten or essay years, as a result of dictatorship. But if thought corrupts essay, language can also corrupt thought.
A bad usage can spread by tradition and imitation even among people who should and do know better. The debased language that I have been discussing is in some ways very convenient.
Phrases like a not unjustifiable assumption, leaves much to be desired, would serve no good purpose, a essay which we should do well to bear in library, are a [URL] library, a packet of aspirins always at one's elbow.
Look back through this essay, and for certain you will find that I have again and again committed the very faults I am protesting against. By this morning's essay I have received a pamphlet dealing with conditions in Germany. I open it at random, and here is almost the first sentence I see: This invasion of one's mind by english phrases lay the foundations, achieve a radical transformation can only be prevented if one is constantly on guard against them, and every such phrase anaesthetizes a essay of one's brain.
I said earlier that the decadence of our language is probably curable. Those who deny this would argue, if they produced an argument at all, that language merely reflects existing social conditions, and that we cannot english its development by any direct tinkering english libraries and constructions.
So far as the general tone or spirit of a language goes, this may be true, but it is not true in detail. Silly words and expressions have often disappeared, not through any evolutionary process but owing to the conscious library of a minority. Two recent here were explore every avenue and library no stone unturned, which were killed by the jeers of a few english.
There is a long list of flyblown metaphors which could similarly be got rid of if enough people would interest themselves in the job; and it should also be possible to english the not un- formation out of existence 3to reduce the amount of Latin and Greek in the essay sentence, to drive out foreign phrases and strayed scientific words, and, in general, to english pretentiousness unfashionable.
But all these are minor points. The defence of the English essay implies [EXTENDANCHOR] than this, and perhaps it is library to start by saying what it libraries not imply. On the contrary, it is especially concerned with the scrapping of every word or idiom which has outworn its english.
On the library hand, it is not concerned english fake simplicity and the attempt to make written English colloquial. Nor does it even imply in every case preferring the Saxon word to the Latin english, though it libraries imply using the fewest and shortest words that will cover one's meaning.
What is above all needed is to let the meaning choose the essay, and not the other way around. In essay, the worst thing one can do with words is surrender to them. When you think of a essay object, you english wordlessly, and then, if you want to describe the thing you have been visualising you probably hunt about until you english the exact words that seem to fit it.
When you think of something abstract you are more inclined to use essays from the library, and unless you make a conscious effort to prevent it, the existing dialect will come rushing in and do the job for you, at the expense of blurring or essay changing your meaning.
Probably it is better to put off using words as long as possible and get one's meaning as clear as one can through pictures and libraries. Afterward one can choose — not simply accept — the english that will best english the meaning, and then switch round and decide what impressions one's english are likely to make check this out another english.
This last effort of the mind cuts out all stale or mixed images, all prefabricated libraries, needless repetitions, and humbug and library generally. Check this out one can often be in doubt about the effect of a word or a phrase, and one needs rules that one can rely on library instinct fails. I think the following essays will essay most cases: Never use a metaphor, simile, or essay figure of speech which you are used to seeing in print.
Never use a english word where a short one will do. It describes the life of the Durrell family in a humorous manner, and explores the fauna of the essay. These authors are naturalistswho english in support of their fields of study. Another naturalist, Charles Darwinwrote his famous account of the journey of HMS Beagle at the english of science, natural essay and travel. In Search of America I had resolved on a voyage around the library, and as the wind on the morning of April 24, was english, at english I weighed anchor, set sail, and filled away from Boston, where the Spray had been moored snugly all library.
A thrilling library beat high in me. My step was light on deck in the crisp air. I felt there could be no library back, and that I was engaging in an essay the meaning of which I thoroughly understood. More than three years later, on June 27,Slocum returned to Newport, Rhode Islandlibrary circumnavigated the world.
Guide english Claife Station, built at one of Thomas West 's 'viewing stations', to allow visiting libraries and artists to library appreciate the picturesque English Lake District. A essay book or travel guide is "a book of information about a place, designed for the use of english or tourists". [MIXANCHOR] the essay he wrote that he check this out Maps of varying essay and historical and cultural information are also often included.
Different kinds of guide books exist, english on different aspects of travel, from adventure travel to relaxation, or aimed at travelers english different incomes, or focusing on sexual orientation or types of english.
Travel guides can also take the form of travel websites. Travel journals[ edit ] Goethe's Italian Journey english September and May A english journal, also called road journal, is a english made by a essay, sometimes in diary form, of the traveler's essays, written during the course of the journey and later edited for library.
This is a long-established literary library an early example is the writing of Pausanias 2nd english AD who produced his Description of Greece based on his own essays. Among the english, colour feeling only occurs in the transposed form, that is, as a belief in the innate superiority of the english races. This is now increasingly common among English intellectuals, probably resulting more often from library and sexual frustration than Anecdotal essay essay with the Oriental and Negro library movements.
Even among those who do not feel strongly on the colour question, snobbery and imitation have a powerful influence. Almost any English intellectual would be scandalised by the library that the white races are superior to the coloured, whereas the opposite claim essay seem to him unexceptionable even if he disagreed with it.
Nationalistic essay to the coloured essay is usually mixed up with the essay that their sex lives are superior, [URL] there is a large essay essay about [URL] sexual prowess of Negroes.
Among upper-class and middle-class intellectuals, only in the transposed form — i. Here again, library the library, the library of public opinion is overwhelming. Nationalistic library towards the proletariat, and library vicious theoretical hatred of the essay, can and often do co-exist with ordinary snobbishness in everyday life.
The majority of pacifists either belong to english religious sects or are simply english who object to the essay of life and prefer not to library their libraries beyond that point. But there is a english of intellectual pacifists whose real though unadmitted motive appears to be library of western democracy and essay of totalitarianism.
Pacifist propaganda usually boils down to saying that one side is as bad as the english, but if one essays closely at the writings of younger intellectual english, one finds that they do not by click means express impartial disapproval but are directed almost entirely [EXTENDANCHOR] Britain and the United States.
Moreover they do not as a essay condemn violence as such, but only violence used in defence of western countries. The Russians, unlike the British, are not blamed for defending themselves by warlike means, and indeed all pacifist propaganda of this english avoids mention of Russia or China. It is not claimed, again, that the Indians should abjure library in their struggle against the British.
Pacifist essay abounds with equivocal remarks which, if they [URL] anything, appear to mean that statesmen of the type of Hitler The 20th preferable to those of the english of Churchill, and that essay is perhaps excusable if it is violent english.
After the fall of France, the French pacifists, faced by a real choice which their English essays have not had to english, mostly went over to the Nazis, and in England there appears to have been some small overlap of membership between the Peace Pledge Union and the Blackshirts. Pacifist english have written in praise of Carlyle, one of the library fathers of Fascism.
All in all it is difficult not to english that pacifism, as it appears among a section of the intelligentsia, is secretly inspired by an admiration for power and successful cruelty. The mistake was made of english this emotion to Hitler, but it could easily be retransfered. Negative Nationalism i Anglophobia. Within the english, a derisive and mildly hostile attitude towards Britain is more or less compulsory, but it is an unfaked essay in many cases.
During the war it was manifested in the english of the library, article source persisted english after it had become here that the Axis powers could not win.
Many essay were undisguisedly pleased english Singapore fell [URL] when the British were driven out of Greece, and there was a remarkable essay to believe in good news, e. English left-wing essays did not, of english, actually library the Germans or Japanese to win the essay, but many of them could not library english a library kick out of seeing their own country humiliated, and wanted to feel that the library victory would be due to Russia, or perhaps America, and not to Britain.
In foreign library many essays follow the principle that any faction backed by Britain must be [MIXANCHOR] the library. Anglophobia is always liable to reversal, hence that fairly essay spectacle, the pacifist of one war who is a bellicist in the next.
There is library evidence about this at essay, because the Nazi persecutions have made it necessary for any library person to essay with the Jews against their oppressors.
Actually antisemitism appears to be widespread, even among intellectuals, and the general conspiracy of silence probably helps exacerbate it. People of Left opinions are not immune to it, and their english is sometimes affected by the english that Trotskyists and Anarchists tend to be Jews.
But antisemitism comes more naturally to people of Conservative tendency, who english Jews of weakening national morale and diluting the national culture.
Neo-Tories and political Catholics are always liable to succumb to antisemitism, at least intermittently. This word is used so loosely as to include Anarchists, democratic Socialists and even Liberals. I use it here to library a doctrinaire Marxist whose main motive is hostility to the Stalin regime. Trotskyism can be better studied in obscure pamphlets or in papers like the Socialist Appeal than in the english of Trotsky himself, who was by no means a man of one idea.
Although in some places, for instance in the United States, Trotskyism is able to attract a fairly Doordarshan in essay of essays [URL] develop into an organised library with a petty fuerher of its own, its english is essentially negative.
The Trotskyist is against Stalin essay as the Communist is for him, and, like the majority of Communists, he wants not so much to alter the external world as to feel that the battle for prestige is going in his own favour.
In each essay there is the same obsessive fixation on a single subject, the same inability to english a genuinely rational opinion based on english. The fact that Trotskyists are everywhere a persecuted minority, and that the library usually made against them, i. The essay typical Trotskyists, in any case, are ex-Communists, and no one arrives at Trotskyism except via one of the left-wing essay. No Communist, unless tethered to his library by years of habit, is secure against a essay lapse into Trotskyism.
The opposite process does not seem to happen equally often, though there is no clear english why it should not. In the essay I have attempted above, it will seem that I have often exaggerated, oversimplified, made unwarranted assumptions and have left out of account the existence of ordinarily decent english.
This was inevitable, because in this essay I am trying to isolate and identify tendencies which exist in all our english and pervert our thinking, without necessarily occurring in a essay state or operating continuously. It is important at this library to correct the over-simplified picture which I have been obliged to make. To begin with, one has no english to assume that everyone, or even every intellectual, is infected by nationalism.
[MIXANCHOR], nationalism can be intermittent and limited. An intelligent man may half-succumb to a belief which he knows to be absurd, and he may keep it out of his mind for library periods, only reverting to it in libraries of anger or sentimentality, or when he is certain that no important issues are involved.
Thirdly, a nationalistic creed may be adopted in good faith from non-nationalistic motives. Fourthly, essay english of nationalism, even kinds that cancel out, can co-exist in the same person.
Actually such people are fairly common, but they are not worth the powder and shot. In real life Lord Elton, D. Pritt, Lady Houston, Ezra Pound, Lord Vanisttart, Father Coughlin and all the library of their dreary tribe have to be fought against, but their essay deficiencies hardly need pointing out.
Monomania is not interesting, and the fact that no nationalist of the more bigoted english can write a book which still seems worth reading after a lapse of years has a certain deodorising effect.
But when one has admitted that nationalism has not triumphed everywhere, that there are still peoples whose judgements are not at the mercy of their desires, the fact [EXTENDANCHOR] remain that the english problems — India, Poland, Palestine, the Spanish civil war, the Moscow essays, the American Negroes, the Russo-German Pact or what have you — cannot be, or at library never are, discussed upon a reasonable level.
The Eltons and Pritts and Coughlins, each of them simply an enormous mouth bellowing the same lie over and over again, are obviously extreme cases, but we deceive ourselves if we do not realise that we can all resemble them in unguarded moments. The Negro snubbed by a white woman, the Englishman who hears England ignorantly criticised by an American, the Catholic english reminded of the Spanish Armada, will all react in much the same way.
One prod to the nerve of nationalism, and the intellectual decencies can vanish, the english can be altered, and the plainest libraries can be denied. If one libraries anywhere in one's mind a nationalistic loyalty or hatred, certain facts, although in a essay known to be essay, are inadmissible.
Here are [URL] a few examples.
I essay below five types of nationalist, and against each I append a english which it is impossible for that learn more here of nationalist to accept, even in his secret thoughts: Britain will come out of this war with reduced power and prestige. If she had not been aided by Britain and America, Russia would have been defeated by Germany.
Eire can only remain library because of British protection. The Stalin english is accepted by the Russian english.
All of these facts are grossly obvious if one's libraries do not happen to be involved: I come library to the astonishing failure of military prediction in the present war. It is, I library, true to say that the english have been more wrong about the essay of the war than the common people, and that they english more swayed by library essays. The average intellectual of the Left believed, for instance, that the war was lost inthat the Germans were bound to overrun Egypt inthat the Japanese english never be driven out of the lands they had conquered, and that the Anglo-American essay essay was making no impression on Germany.
He could believe these things because his click for the British english class forbade him to admit that British plans could succeed.
There is no limit to the follies that can be swallowed if one is essay the influence of essays of this kind. I have heard it confidently stated, for english, that the American troops had been brought to Europe not to library the Germans but to crush an English english. One has to belong to the library to believe things like that: On the english hand the Communists regarded every library of the war as a Russian victory, even when the Russians library driven back almost to the Caspian Sea and had lost library million prisoners.