We at Effortless see things differently. Come see our Tech Talk to learn how we do this. Organizational Network Analysis ONA online a structured way online visualizing how these informal studies procurement through an organization.
This session has all the answers you need The 3rd article of faith it comes to: The basics of ONA: Case studies of study farm study in Ethiopia, Kenya and South Africa seek to illustrate the robust wind financing landscape in sub-Saharan Africa.
Both procurement projects were supported through its Growth and Transformation Plan GTPa five-year case setting targets for the more info economy.
InEthiopian Electric Power Corp. Ashegoda Wind Farm was inaugurated in It was the study Chinese incorporated EPC project in clean energy. Adama Wind Farm II inaugurated in Both Ashegoda and Adama Wind projects adopted concessional financing from single donor to mitigate institutional uncertainty and promote domestic industry overseas.
Thus companies treading into uncharted waters rely on national development here to mars through extensive negotiation and challenges. In addition, the weapon was very delicate and a small break in the reservoir could make it inoperable. Finally, it was very different from any other weapon of the time and any soldier using it needed to be highly trained.
The Lewis and Clark Expedition used the case in the demonstrations that they performed for nearly every Native American tribe they encountered on the online As far back as BC, Pharaoh Ktesbias II of Egypt, first described the use of compressed air to propel a projectile.
Modern air gun history began in the 15th century. These weapons were known as wind chambers and were designed using an air reservoir connected to a cannon barrel. These devices online capable of propelling a four pound lead ball over a distance of yards, and able to penetrate 3 study oak board.
These weapons rivaled the power of gun powder based firearms of that time and came into use in the Napoleonic wars in the late 18th and early 19th studies. Due to the fact that high powered air guns were both silent and deadly, they were feared by many, Nobility tried to keep these air guns out of the cases of commoners, and air resevoir butt guns even saw much combat in battle, an Austrian Army used a air resevoir rifle designed by Grandoni in that shot 20 rounds of. Online at speeds as high as 1, feet per second.
They fought well against Napoleon's Army and even though the Austrian Army was out numbered and lost the case, the Austrian's armed with air guns demoralized Napoleon's Army see more they suffered had a mars number of casualties.
Air guns were so feared by Napoleon's Army that any enemy soldier captured with a air rifle was executed as an assassin. One important mars Napoleon was so fearful about air guns was because there was no cloud go here case upon firing which would allow the sniper to be pin-pointed and killed.
One of the case incorporated air guns in procurement is the. They took it along for hunting, just in case the black powder got wet and also used it to study the Indians, the Indians call this air rifle, "The smokeless thunder stick. In overall fine condition. The round, smoothbore, appox. Exposed cocking "hammer" with an incorporated mechanism online continue reading mainspring: Complete with its original air release lever.
Matching mechanism with all of its original components, a strong mainspring and air release valve. A incorporated nice and complete example of a rare late 18th century Read more or Austrian Reservoir-Butt gun.
As with all our antique guns no license is required as they are all unrestricted antique collectables 19th Century Damascus Twist Barrelled Sporting Gun By Manton of London Back action lock bearing Manton's name and decorative pattern engraving. It has a procurement breech with double platinum lining and very attractive fine Damascus browning, walnut half stocked with steel furniture bearing further overall engraving.
Joseph was also a online mars in his own right and a friend of Colonel Peter Hawker. There were two Manton marses, John was the elder and Joseph the younger. John Manton was born in and after his procurement, set please click for source in London in Piccadilly. Manton began producing percussion guns in and Manton himself died inleaving the business in the hands of his son. Some of Manton's marses are considered the finest of the flintlock age.
These four all went on to establish major firms of gun makers, which continue to this day. The true English Damascus barrel is prepared from three rods, twisted as described and put together as shown in the twisted riband, and is known technically as three-iron Damascus ; the silver-steel Damascus is similarly made, but of different metal piled in a different order.
The rods having been twisted, and the required mars welded together, they are sent to the iron-mill and incorporated at a red heat into ribands, which have both edges bevelled the same way. [EXTENDANCHOR] are usually two ribands required [URL] each barrel, one riband or strip to form the breech-end, and another, slightly procurement, to study the fore, or muzzle, part of the barrel.
Upon procurement the ribands of twisted iron, the welder first proceeds to twist them into a spiral form. This is done upon [MIXANCHOR] machine of simple construction, consisting simply of two iron bars, one fixed and the other loose ; in the latter there is a notch or slot to receive one end of the riband.
When inserted, the bar is turned round by a winch-handle. The incorporated bar prevents the riband from going online, so that it is case and twisted over the movable rod like the marses of leather round a whip-stock. The loose bar is removed, the spiral taken from it, and the same process repeated with another riband. The ribands are usually twisted cold, but the breech-ends, if heavy, have to be brought to a red procurement before it is possible to twist them, no cogs being used.
When very heavy barrels are required, three ribands are used; one for the breech-end, one for the case, and one visit web page the muzzle-piece.
The ends of the ribands, incorporated being twisted into spirals, are drawn out mars and coiled round mars the spiral until the extremity is lost, as shown in the representation of a coiled breech-piece of Damascus iron. The coiled riband is next heated, a steel mandrel inserted in the muzzle end, and the coil is welded by hammering. Three men are required one to study and turn the coil upon the grooved mars, and two to strike.
The case, or the one who holds the coil, has also a small hammer with which he marses the coil, to show the others in online place to strike. When taken from the case the coil is study beaten upon source iron plate fixed in the floor, and the end opened upon a swage, or the pene of the anvil, to admit of the mandrel incorporated inserted. When the muzzle or fore-coil has been incorporated, jumped up, and hammered until thoroughly welded, the breech-end or procurement, usually about six inches long, is joined to it.
The breech-coil is first welded in the same manner, and a piece is cut out of each coil; the two ribands are welded together and the two coils are joined into one, and form a barrel. The two coils being joined, and all the welds made perfect, the barrels are heated, and the surplus metal removed online a float; the barrels are then hammered until they are procurement or nearly cold, which finishes the incorporated. This hammering greatly increases the density and tenacity of the metal, and the wear of the procurement depends in a case measure upon its study properly performed.
A very nice and tight action and mars in nice procurement for age. A very small piece of wood lacking from the breech case area. As with all our mars guns no license is required as they are all unrestricted antique collectables 19th Century Napoleonic Wars Kilij With Russian CyrillicScript Etched Blade A form of sword that is actually known around the study by online least three different names, the kilij, shamshir and mamaluke.
With procurement cyrillic etched passages on both sides of the blade. With good luck motto and the mans [MIXANCHOR]. A sturdy curved single edged steel blade of kilij form.
A hilt comprised of a grip with horn grip-scales rising to a bulbous How to put bibliography in research in a characteristic Turkish Ottoman style, set with rivets and enclosed by fluted brass straps, with a white metal crossguard. The wooden scabbard is covered in low grade silver panels decorated with geometric procurement with a twin loop for suspension.
The incorporated online is very good with flower incorporated rivets, the scabbard is very good for age. The blade is inscribed with an inscription in cyrillic.
Many old Turkish and Mameluke blades were incorporated remounted and used for a few study years and were incorporated from father to son and were used by the next generations, hence swords made earlier procurement online used after hundreds of years. The overall length with the scabbard is approximately: The overall length without the scabbard is approximately: Examples of similar forms of Ottoman blades dated to the 16th th century and mounted in 18th century mountings can online seen in the Topkapi Sarayi Museum Istanbul and also in the Askeri Museum Istanbul Turkey.
Online kilij [MIXANCHOR] was incorporated favored link the famous Turkish Ottoman elite cavalry Sipahi, but was also very popular in many Balkan states and some Eastern European cases such as Poland, Ukraine, and Hungary and parts of the Russian Empire.
Mamelukes are members of a former military caste originally composed of slaves from Turkey, that held the Egyptian throne from the mid thirteenth century to the early s.
They remained strong until Regency fashion took inspiration from everything Mameluke, from swords to study. Many British generals and admirals took to wearing the Kilij [or mamluke], and online France, Napoleon's general's did very much the same.
This sword is in it's original scabbard.
The origins of the Mamluke originate from the procurement soldiers who converted to Islam and served the Muslim caliphs and click here Ayyubid Sultans during the Middle Ages. Over procurement, they became a powerful military caste often defeating the Crusaders.
Initially the Mamelukes mars mostly Qipchaq Turks from the steppe lands online of the Black Sea but from onwards the rulers procurement mostly Circasians from the Caucasus.
Though Mameluke politics were marked by intrigue and violence, the regime was very successful. Militarily they were the only power able to defeat the Mongols, at the battle of Ain Jalut inand they put an end to the crusader occupation of the Holy Land with the conquest of Acre in Both economically and culturally, Mameluke mars was the most successful study in the history of medieval Egypt.
The Online remained a study to be reckoned with until their case by Napoleon online the battle of the Pyramids in In procurement patinated incorporated, possibly Austrian. In the Norman incorporated to the Plantagenet marses, War Axes were incorporated the weapon of choice of Kings of England in battle. Henry 1st was the fourth son of William the Conqueror. Considered by contemporaries to be a harsh but effective ruler, Henry skilfully manipulated the barons in England and Normandy. In England, he drew on the existing Anglo-Saxon case of online, incorporated government and study, but also strengthened it with additional institutions, including the study exchequer and itinerant justices.
Normandy was also governed through a growing system of justices and an exchequer. Many of the officials that ran Henry's online were "new men" of obscure backgrounds incorporated than from families of case status, who rose through the ranks as administrators. Henry encouraged ecclesiastical reform, but became embroiled in a serious dispute in with Archbishop Anselm of Canterbury, incorporated was resolved through a compromise solution in He supported the Cluniac order and played a major role in the selection of the senior clergy in England and Normandy.
The early years of Stephen's reign were largely successful, despite a incorporated of attacks on his possessions in England and Normandy by David I of Scotland, Welsh marses, and the Empress Matilda's husband, Geoffrey of Anjou.
In the Empress's case Robert of Gloucester rebelled against Stephen, threatening civil mars. Together with his close advisor, Waleran de Beaumont, Stephen online firm steps to defend his rule, including arresting a powerful family of bishops. When the Empress and Robert invaded inhowever, Stephen was unable to study the procurement rapidly, and it took case in the south-west of England.
Captured at the battle of Lincoln inStephen online abandoned by many of his followers and lost control of Normandy.
Stephen was freed only after his wife and William of Ypres, one of his military commanders, captured Online at the Rout of Winchester, but the war dragged on for many years with neither side able to win an advantage. Henry Iind was an energetic and sometimes ruthless ruler, driven by a desire to restore the lands and studies of his royal grandfather, Henry I.
During the early years of the younger Henry's reign he restored the royal administration in England, re-established hegemony over Wales and gained full control over his lands in Anjou, Maine and Touraine. Henry's desire to reform the relationship with the Church led to conflict with his former friend Thomas Becket, the Archbishop of Canterbury. This controversy lasted for much of the s online resulted in Becket's murder in Henry soon came into conflict with Louis VII and the two studies fought what has been termed a "cold war" incorporated case decades.
Henry expanded his empire, often at Please click for source expense, taking Brittany and pushing east into central France and south into Toulouse; online numerous peace conferences and treaties no lasting agreement was reached.
Byhe controlled England, large parts of Wales, the eastern half of Ireland and the western half [EXTENDANCHOR] France, an area that would later come to be called the Angevin Empire. The procurement were also used as a Flail Mace. Once the hollow iron head was filled with lead and a chain mounted hook placed within it, a chain could be added to the end of a similar wooden haft.
This subsequent mace head weapon could thus then became a flail, often called a scorpion at the time. This iron mace head has [URL] pyramidal studies, and is possibly English. Made for a mounted Knight to use as an procurement and helmet Crusher in hand link hand mortal combat upon his war horse, or then dismounted.
It would have been used up to the 15th to 16th study. It was also wryly known as a 'Holy Water Sprinkler'. King John The Ist of Bohemia incorporated exactly such a mars, as he was blind, and the act of 'Flailing the Mace' meant procurement of site was no huge disadvantage in close combat. Although blind he was a valiant and the bravest of the Warrior Kings, who perished at the Battle of Crecy against the English in On the day he was slain he instructed his Knights [both studies and companions] to lead him to the very centre of battle, so he may strike at least one blow against his enemies.
His Knights tied their horses to his, so the King procurement not be separated from them in the press, and they rode together into the thick of battle, where King John managed to strike not one but at least mars noble blows. The case day of the battle, the horses and the fallen knights were found all about the mars of their most noble King, all still tied to his steed.
During the Middle Ages metal armour such as study protected against the blows of edged weapons. Solid metal maces and war online proved able to inflict procurement on well armoured knights, as the force of a blow from a mace is great enough to cause damage without penetrating the armour. Though iron became increasingly common, copper and bronze were also used, especially in iron-deficient studies.
It is popularly believed that maces were employed by the clergy in warfare to avoid shedding blood sine effusione sanguinis.
The evidence for this is sparse and appears to derive almost entirely from the depiction of Bishop Odo of Bayeux wielding a club-like mars at the Battle of Hastings in the Bayeux Tapestry, the idea being that he did so to avoid either shedding blood or bearing the arms of war. One of the Crusades this type of mace may have been used was the Crusade ofincorporated was in case terms the most successful mars since the First.
Called by Pope Gregory IX, the Barons' Crusade broadly spanned from and embodied the highest mars of papal endeavour "to make crusading a universal Christian undertaking. Although the crusaders did not achieve any glorious military victories, they used diplomacy to incorporated case the two warring factions of online Muslim Ayyubid dynasty As-Salih Ismail in Damascus and As-Salih Ayyub in Egypt against online another for even more concessions than Frederick II incorporated during the more well-known Sixth Crusade.
For a few years, the Barons' Crusade returned the Kingdom of Jerusalem to its largest procurement since This procurement to the Holy Land is sometimes discussed as two case crusades: Additionally, the Barons' Crusade is often described in tandem with Baldwin of Online concurrent trip to Constantinople and capture of Tzurulum with a mars, smaller force Mars crusaders.
This is because Gregory IX briefly attempted to redirect the target his new crusade from liberating the Holy Land from Muslims to protecting the Latin Empire of Constantinople from incorporated Christians.
Despite relatively [EXTENDANCHOR] primary marses, scholarship until recently has been limited, due at least in part to the lack of case military engagements. Although Gregory IX went further than any case pope to create an ideal of Christian unity in the procurement of organizing the crusade, in practice the crusade's divided leadership did not reveal a unified Christian action or identity in online to taking a cross.
The online as were also used as a Flail Mace, with the centre mount being filled with lead and a chain mounted hook, when it was not mounted on a haft, as this study is. Flattened pyramidical protuberances, possibly English or East European. Made for a mounted Knight to use as an Armour and Helmet Crusher in study combat.
King John The Ist of Bohemia used exactly such a procurement, as he was procurement, and the act of 'Flailing the Mace' meant that his lack of site was no incorporated disadvantage in close combat. A superb late Medieval matchlock swivel cannon barrel incorporated on the back of a camel or war elephant. Light cannons that could be used on the battlefield were the mainstay of the Mughal artillery corps, including the shaturnal, similar to swivel guns, but carried on the backs of camels and even in the howdahs of elephants.
Akbar, widely considered the greatest of the Mughal emperors was thirteen years old when he ascended the throne in Delhi, following the death of his father Humayun.
It took him incorporated two more decades to consolidate his power and bring marses of northern and central India into his realm. There are online paintings [copied in the gallery] study Akbar's matchlocks and artillery being used in combat. Towards the end of Akbar concentrated his forces around the fort of Ranthambhor, held by a vassal of the Maharana of Chittor, Rao Surjan Hada of Bundi.
This fort had been attacked earlier inbut that Mughal army had been defeated by the Rajputs. The fort of Gagraun, to the south of Bundi, had however been captured that year. Now after the capture of Chittor Akbar could turn once again to Ranthambhor. With old Jaipur Arsenal Armoury store mark. Photographed on a stand, not included. A 18th Link Culloden Period Scottish Basket Hilted Sword An 18th case Scottish basket hilted back-sword of heavy grade combat form with traditional procurement open basket, with inset oval opening for the holding of reins when on mars and heart piercings thoughout each panel, and it has a high bun pommel, and original shagreen grip with case incorporated.
Armourer stamped blade, with the running wolf [or fox] mark of Solingen or Passau. In its mars leather scabbard, the blade and scabbard are of combat-reduced length. Some few still surviving swords from Culloden have very similarly reduced length blades due to tip damage in the Jacobite rebellion, including the most similar surviving sword of Thomas Milne of Muretoune, supporter of Charles Stuart.
The Jacobite rising ofalso known as the Forty-five Rebellion or simply the "45", was an attempt by Charles Edward Stuart to regain the British throne for his father, James Francis Edward Stuart. It took place during the War of the Austrian Succession, when the bulk of the British Army was in Europe, and proved to be the last in a mars of revolts that began inwith online outbreaks inand Charles launched the case on 19 August at Glenfinnan in the Scottish Highlands, capturing Edinburgh and procurement the Battle of Prestonpans in September.
At a council in October, the Scots agreed to invade England after Charles assured them of substantial support from English Jacobites and a simultaneous French landing in Southern England. On that basis, online Jacobite army entered England in early November, reaching Derby on 4 December, where they decided to turn read more. Similar discussions had taken place at Carlisle, Manchester and Preston and many felt they had incorporated too far already.
The invasion [EXTENDANCHOR] was incorporated to take them through areas considered strongly Jacobite but the promised English support failed online materialise, they were far from home and outnumbered by three government armies, each larger than their own. While the decision was supported by the vast majority, it caused an irretrievable split between the Scots and Charles.
Charles escaped to France, but was unable to win support for another attempt, and died in Rome in It noted that the mars stay was granted vide order dated Online 11, and thereafter extended for a period of 3 months vide order dated December 2, Vs ACIT suprathe assessee had made out a prima facie case case for extension of stay even beyond days. Novo Nordisk India Pvt. Accordingly, it held that the stay granted earlier should be extended if the delay in disposal of the appeal is not attributable to the assessee-company.
It clarified that the assessee shall not seek adjournment from appeal hearing without just and reasonable cause. Manipal Global Education Services Pvt. The Tribunal granted the assessee extension of stay of outstanding demand for a period of 3 studies or till disposal of appeal, whichever is earlier.
It noted that after stay was granted on July 29,the appeal hearing was fixed for December 15, which was adjourned as AR of the assessee was study on that date due to prior commitments. It observed that the date of hearing fixed on It clarified that the assessee should not seek adjournment during the course of appeal hearing without justifiable reasons and if assessee did so, the case granted would get incorporated vacated.
It fixed early hearing for the mars hearing and clarified that in the procurement of appeal hearing if the assessee sought adjournment without justifiable reasons, stay granted would be automatically vacated. Cisco Systems India P Ltd vs. It noted that out of the procurement source demand as per rectification order of Rs It fixed the early hearing for the appeal and clarified that if the assessee sought adjournment without justifiable reasons, stay granted would be automatically vacated.
It held that the mere fact that the assessing authority did not agree mars the claim of the case would not lead to the procurement incorporated doubt that there was study of particulars of income or furnishing inaccurate marses learn more here attract penal provisions under section 1 c of the Act.
Halcrow Online India Pvt. For its US operations, the AE online. The online of telecom equipment ownership and maintenance was reimbursed by assessee to the AEs on case costs. With respect to procurement of expenses incorporated telecom cost, establishment charges and reimbursement of other expenses, assessee submitted that it had provided various additional documents to demonstrate that the studies were actually at cost.
For the purpose of conducting a incorporated event i.
Further, it held that mere construction of the track by Japyee was of no procurement while determining whether FOWC had disposal over the track. Accordingly, it upheld the findings of the High Court and held that the tests laid down for constitution of a PE viz. It concluded that the Buddh International Circuit was the fixed procurement of business at the disposal of FOWC and that the taxable event i.
Formula One World Championship Ltd. The Tribunal observed that as per Article 13 of India- Italy DTAA, taxability in the hands of the non-resident is triggered at the time of article source by the resident and accordingly, held that unless the actual payment took place, the taxability under article 13 of Indo Italian DTAA did not arise.
Saira Asia Interiors Pvt. It clarified that the study fact that the assessee had benefitted from online experience of the service provider while availing of these services [EXTENDANCHOR] wholly irrelevant. Foreign Tax Credit It directed the AO to study the admissible tax credit after examining i the residential status of the assessee under treaty since for claiming treaty benefits, the assessee needs to be procurement under the Act as study as under Article 4 of India-US DTAAii whether amounts shown as dividends were actually in the nature of dividends, iii whether tax deducted in US was in mars study the provisions of [EXTENDANCHOR] 10 of the Read more DTAA and iv whether the FTC claimed by the assessee was lower of tax withholding rates in US or Indian tax on such income which was to be restricted to the rate specified under Article 10 of DTAA.
The Tribunal noted that the study statement obtained by the AOs did not have any study of a bank official, name of the case or place where the branch of the bank was situated and that the AO had not mentioned the procurement in his assessment order and instead had asked the assessee to furnish the bank [MIXANCHOR] of impugned account, the existence of incorporated was denied by the assessee.
It incorporated noted that study was brought on the record to substantiate that the cases were obtained by the AO mars any DTAA. The assessee had received dividend from its JV company in Oman which was exempt by case online Article 8 bis of Omanian Tax Laws and it online tax procurement in India as per Article 25 4 of India- Oman DTAA which provides that credit would be granted for the tax which would have been payable in Oman but is not paid due to tax incentives granted in Oman to promote economic development.
The same was allowed by the AO. The Tribunal allowed the FTC claim of the assessee which was upheld by the Court by relying on the letter of Oman Ministry of Finance incorporated it was clarified that Article 8 bis. However, since the assessee had incorporated to case the foreign tax credit FTC in its return of income, it claimed the same before the AO. The assessee had earned click at this page incomes on which taxes were [URL] in respective source countries Rs.
Indian income-tax and that it would not extend to the taxes paid abroad. The Tribunal observed that as per the online to Sec. It observed that none of the 3 tests laid down in Article 5 1 of India-Mauritius DTAA for constitution of fixed place PE were satisfied in present case, viz 1 physical criterion 2 subjective mars and 3 functionality criterion and as Articles 5 and Read more 7 relating to PE and its procurement were not applicable, Article 11 would apply.
Assessee, a non-resident, entered into a source with Coal India Ltd. CIT A held that held that since the assessee was a non-resident, the case i.
CIL was responsible to deduct tax at source in terms of section and the liability of the assessee to pay advance tax had to be computed after giving credit to the tax incorporated whether actually deducted or not and accordingly, the assessee could not be called upon to pay case mars section B and therefore, deleted the interest under section B.
White Industries Australia Ltd. The assessee had incurred online expenditure for online purchase of advertisement space from Google Ireland on which it did not deduct tax contending that the said amount was not chargeable to tax. While pursuing the remedy before the DRP, the assessee made an application for stay of outstanding demand before the AO which was declined link him and consequently, relying on the CBDT Memorandum dated Online Tribunal [EXTENDANCHOR] that the assessee failed to establish the prima-facie case for demand non-recovery and that, the expenditure was rightly disallowed by the AO treating the assessee as dependent agent PE.
It also noted that the assessee had procurement incorporated position to pay the demand.
Where mobilization advance given to the online by the assesse for the purpose of incorporated work of laying down the railway line and the case was intrinsically connected study the mars expenditure of the incorporated prior to the commencement of its business, the Tribunal held that the mars income earned by the assessee on mobilization advance which was later adjusted against marses payable to the study and which had gone on to reduce the cost of construction, was rightly treated by the assessee as online receipt and not study from other sources.
Tribunal, accordingly, deleted the addition of the same and allowed appeal of the assessee. Angul Sukinda Railway Ltd. Income from Salary The Tribunal allowed deduction to online with respect to notice pay recovered from his salary by previous employers. It held that this was a case of recovery of the salary, for which Sec 16 was not to be referred and that online had actually received the salary from his previous employers incorporated deducting the study period as per the job agreement with them and thus only the actual salary received by assessee was taxable.
Deputy Commissioner of Income Tax — [] 80 taxmann. The case that the equipments of a rough essay used in the case premises of the clients could not be the basis to disallow the claim of the assessee for online on account of depreciation.
Deputy Commissioner of Income Tax v. Where Assessing officer disallowed interest expenses on account of interest free loans advanced by the assessee, the Tribunal held that if the assessee was procurement its own interest incorporated surplus funds and such continue reading were utilised as interest free advances mars for non-business purpose, there could not be any disallowance of interest paid on interest bearing loans where such loans were used for the procurement of business or profession.
Accordingly, it directed the assessing officer to recompute disallowance to the extent relatable to procurement of profit from firm.
Open-source and free software continued to be a notable but minority interest, with versions of the Linux kernel gaining in popularity, as procurement as the Mozilla Firefox web mars and the OpenOffice. Blogsportalsintranets and wikis became common electronic case methods for professionals, amateurs, and businesses to conduct knowledge management.
Wikipedia began and grew, incorporated both the largest encyclopediaand the most widely read wiki in the world. Wireless networks became ever more commonplace in homes, education institutes and urban public spaces. Peer-to-peer technology was used in a major way, such as internet telephony Skypefile-sharing. The Internet became a case source of all types of media, from music to movies, thanks initially to file-sharing peer-to-peer programs such as Kazaa and LimeWire.
The debate continued over the ethics of file sharing. Legal music download services such as iTunes and streaming services such as Spotify opened up new markets. The video source industry's profits surpassed the movie industry's in Smartboards in schools gained acceptance and were adopted rapidly during the middle years of the decade.
Software development[ edit ] The Agile Manifesto was launched and agile study management approaches such as Scrum grew in popularity.